Vocabulary :: Communication, Language

Jargon is critical to ordinary perusing since it is the entirety of the words in a language. As indicated by Bursuck and Damer (2010) understudies â€Å"learn to decipher more earnestly text, they are bound to experience words that are not part of their oral language† (p. 231). Being acquainted with words and the importance of the word helps student’s familiarity just as understanding. As per the National Institute of Literacy (2007) jargon is â€Å"words utilized in discourse and print to communicate† (p. 14). Jargon can be isolated into two classifications â€Å"oral or verbally expressed words and composed words† (National Institute of Literacy, 2007, p. 14). The National Institute of Literacy (2007), concur with Bursuck and Damer (2010), expressing that â€Å"vocabulary information is essential to perusing in light of the fact that the oral and composed words advance understanding and communication† (p. 14). Since jargon is critical Pullen, Tuck willer, Konold, Maynard, and Coyne, 2010 utilized a â€Å"three level model for understudies in danger for a perusing disability† (p. 110). Pullen et al. (2010) states that jargon improvement happens through accidental learning and home condition before formal schooling† (p. 111) The mediation made by Pullen et al. (2010) was intended to increment students’ jargon of in danger understudies. The mediation (2010) members â€Å"were 224 first grade understudies in quite a while in a various populace and moderate level of understudies in financial status† (p. 114). The intercession (2010) itself made by ___________________ was a three-level framework: Tier 1 comprised of study hall guidance and â€Å"students who don't react to level 1 will get level 2 guidance and level 3 is the most concentrated level and if understudy don't react to this level they are alluded to a custom curriculum evaluation† (p. 114). To distinguish understudies who might be in danger of incapacity, the mediation (2010) utilized the PPVT-4 as a state sanctioned test. Pullen et al. (2010) utilized the test to asses the pattern level â€Å"of responsive jargon and distinguish members as either in danger of not for perusing failure† (p. 115). The creators of the mediation (2010) chose the PPVT-4 in light of the fact that â€Å"it showed unwavering quality, demonstrating that is a sound measure for estimating open vocabulary† (p. 115). For a post-test, the creators (2010) utilized a scientist created measure to asses students’ securing of target words utilized in the mediation (p. 115). Pullen et al. (2010) had a three-level framework where level 1 and level 2 were structured â€Å"around two story books fitting for first grade students† (p.

Complication in Business Communication-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Disucss about the Ethical Implication of Business Communication. Answer: Business Communication Correspondence in business is significant in everyday exercises; it shapes the foundation of business capacities and the group. It is the capacity of a person to pass on viably and productively, thus the business supervisors with incredible verbal, nonverbal composed relational abilities end up being powerful administrator who lead the group with extraordinary quality and toward authoritative goals. Proficient and powerful business correspondence lead to relationship working among the colleagues which in the end prompts boosting of their assurance, lastly bringing about expanded profitability from the colleagues (Chaney Martin,2013). Significance of Business correspondence: Assists with cultivating relationship among the colleagues. Assists with passing on the hierarchical objectives successfully (Argenti, 2015) Assists with lessening any strain or worry in the practical group Assists with building and define large groups and make them work firmly towards the association objectives and goals (Anderson, 2016) Cooperation Cooperation occurs, when every single individual fit or synergize their endeavors towards one shared objective. An incredible cooperation is accomplished by placing in a lot of sacrificial long periods of work, battle, difficult work and duty towards a particular goal. Incredible groups do extraordinary group works which brings about progressive work. Just to refer to, the Team of Mac 2 (Apple), was the purpose for the accomplishment of the Mac 2, which changed the whole processing industry. Subsequently, so as to accomplish some more prominent destinations, the colleagues need to meet up and create positive cooperative energies among themselves (Hu Liden, 2015) Nowadays association are continually paying special mind to colleagues who can work in groups and contribute, associations nowadays esteem cooperation more than singular ability. Lets take a gander at a portion of the approaches to turn into a compelling cooperative person Make standard procedures The most significant thing, groups ought to adhere to, making some guidelines, or the fundamental components of cooperation. Guidelines work in a similar way as the authoritative culture works. Thus in nearness of standard procedures, the groups will have the option to work viably. Guarantee everybody takes an interest Participation in group gatherings and cooperation is critical. It is the obligation of the director or the gathering administrator to guarantee that everyone partakes and its not simply the individual with the most intense voice in the room. Everyone ought to talk regardless of any segregation and one-sided ness, this must be guaranteed by the chief. In the event that the administrator can engage its workers, they sure will take part and contribute towards the groups achievement (Bass Green, 2014) Dont accept others realize what you do-It has a straightforward importance, share whatever data one has, expecting that individuals definitely think about something, may keep the other colleagues in complete insensibility to the said focuses. Subsequently, so as to turn into a decent cooperative person, suspicions are to be kept out of the room and sharing ought to be the fundamental belief (Sugden Punch, 2014) Offer, break down and conclude It is fundamental for the gathering individuals to adhere to a three stage rule in any gathering with the group. Stage 1 is, sharing what everybody knows, that resembles putting down the data they as of now have, Step 2 is investigating the before referenced focuses and simultaneously assessing other options, ultimately, have a sound conversation before coming to on the last resolution. Development of groups Group development isn't something which occurs coincidentally, it requires incredible endeavors. Lets see a portion of the ways by which a compelling group can be made: Discovering Establishing initiative without viable authority, a group has no heading to push ahead in, henceforth the essential advance is to have a compelling pioneer Setting up relationship with every worker For a representative to confide in his pioneer, he ought to have a domain which advances sound correspondence. This will assist with building trust with the pioneer/administrator and this trust and relationship further prompts cooperation Building connection between the workers It is fundamental to have group having a place in the colleagues. This can be guaranteed by having group building exercises, criticism meetings, fun and play meeting, parties and so on. This will guarantee simplicity of strain and contact between the colleagues and they can work adequately towards the objectives of association Create and construct collaboration As clarified in the focuses above, building cooperation isn't that simple undertaking. It requires some investment, devotion and tolerance to handle the difficulties presented by the individual colleagues and simultaneously center around the cutoff time of the work. Henceforth, the administrator needs to lead from the front, cause the group to comprehend the significance of cooperation, cause them to comprehend what is in for them, what will they increase out of working in the groups, in what manner will their profitability be upgraded and so on., when the worker comprehends the significance of working in group and turning into a powerful colleague, he will contribute his best towards the objectives of the association and the group guaranteeing most extreme efficiency. References: Chaney, L. what's more, Martin, J., 2013.Intercultural business correspondence. Pearson Higher Ed. Anderson, C., 2016. Significance of External Business Communication.Extrado desde https://smallbusiness. chron. com/significance outside business-correspondence 19304. Html Argenti, P.A., 2015.Corporate correspondence. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Hu, J. what's more, Liden, R.C., 2015. Having any kind of effect in the collaboration: Linking group prosocial inspiration to group procedures and effectiveness.Academy of Management Journal,58(4), pp.1102-1127. Bass, D. what's more, Green, J., 2014. Microsoft tomahawks ringer bend for worker evaluating in move to cultivate more noteworthy cooperation collaboration.Bloomberg News,13. Sugden, F. what's more, Punch, S., 2014. The difficulties and advantages of utilizing a versatile research individual to encourage cooperation on a huge, interdisciplinary, multi-sited project.Research in Comparative and International Education,9(4), pp.441-453.

Creative Writing Essay Samples

Creative Writing Essay SamplesThe first and foremost thing when one is looking for the right essay samples is to look at their personal preferences. We all have different writing styles. It is very important that when a student looks for essays, they select the one that best fits their style of writing.Essay writing samples are found all over the Internet. Many people are going to recommend to you sites which can help you write your essay. Of course, these sites should be researched first and the best ones should be chosen.The company, which you end up choosing to help you in writing your essay may not be the one that you really want to use. There are some who just want you to waste your time; but there are others who can really help you get your essay writing done.In addition to this, there are also other companies who will help you learn different strategies that can help you in essay writing. They can help you with strategies and other methods which will make your essay writing ea sier. There are many other aspects of writing a good essay.You need to make sure that the company that you choose to help you in writing your essay is honest about the quality of their services. If they advertise great content but it turns out to be a waste of time when it comes to the actual writing, then you might just find yourself in a much worse situation than you were hoping to be in.The best thing about creative writing essay samples is that they are not always about creativity. One of the best sources of samples is Wikipedia. Wikipedia is a very popular source because it is one of the oldest and most reliable websites in the world.When a student is looking for essay samples, they can look at Wikipedia as well as other quality sources. When looking for the best essay writing samples, they must make sure that they look at these sources. However, they must also make sure that they do not try to do something which is not necessary when they are researching the source.Another one of the many ways you can go about looking for the best online essay samples is by contacting the person who has written the essay you are looking for. Remember that many times the original author can be contacted and can give you an insider's view of the writing process.

The French and Russian Revolutions Before and After

Throughout history, countries around the world have demanded political change. Most of these changes have resulted in a step in the direction of democracy. However, the sustainability of a new democratic regime depends on how strong the foundations of the democratic institutions are. France and Russia are two of the most notable states that sought to replace dysfunctional authoritarian models with democracy. Despite approaching democracy in similar ways, democracy in France proved to be successful and democracy in Russia was not. This is because unlike France, the democratic institutions in Russia were built on weak foundations making democratic performance in Russia illegitimate. Although the origins of Russia may be unclear, it is widely accepted that Ivan the terrible is known as the first Russian emperor, or tsar. Ivan demonstrated authoritarian rule through his destruction of government institutions that interfered with his consolidation of power and developed a personal police force to terrorize political oppositions. This type of authoritarian leader continued in Russia through leaders such as Vladimir Ilich Lenin and Joseph Stalin. After Lenin, and the Communist Party, took power after a revolutionary victory in 1917, Russia was renamed the Soviet Union and broken up into 15 districts. The USSR recognized Russia’s multinational identity by creating a federal system around major ethnic groups. However, the new republics had very little power and authority was in theShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And The Age Of Enlightenment854 Words   |  4 PagesBorn of two fathers, the American Revolution and the age of enlightenment, the French revolu tion was primarily a social upheaval that conspired to overthrow religious and privileged classes. The French Revolution changed the degree to which the people were willing to suffer and sacrifice in order to achieve their war aims through democratizing the Army and creating the necessity of larger political alliances than ever before. Guibert wrote in his Essai: Imagine that there arose in Europe a peopleRead More Russian Revolution Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesRussia had been an autocratic government for 300 years under the Romanov Dynasty before the revolution of 1917. When problems started in the early 1900’s most people were serfs that had been freed about 20 years before. In 1914 during World War One, Czar Nicholas II decided to stay in war with Germany despite what the rest of his country thought. Nicholas posed a distraction from the countries problems. His plan was to keep his soldiers minds off of the horrible living conditions of Russia by stayingRead MoreThe French And Russian Revolutions1598 Words   |  7 PagesThe French and Russian Revolutions featured hated monarchies, fascinating rumors, and allusive innuendos which made them both very interesting. In fact, in both revolutions, the murder of the royal family was one of the more historic events of the war. In France at the time of the revolution, the rulers were M arie Antoinette-born Marie Antoine-from Austria, and Louis XVI-born Louis-Auguste. The two were married when Marie Antoinette was fourteen and Louis was fifteen. In Russia at the time of theirRead MoreNapoleon s Position As The Leader Of France1188 Words   |  5 PagesThe French Revolution marked a significant shift in the status of not only France but also Europe and the world as an entirety. In a period of uproar and uncertainty, the people of France saw themselves without a specific leader to alter the status of the country. By taking full control of almost every aspect of the country, Napoleon Bonaparte s position as the leader of France saw significant changes in the army, economic and social positions of the once powerful nation. In his rapidRead MoreThe Revolutions That Changed Their Respective Societies1482 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout history, the world has seen revolts. Revolutionaries attempting to overthrow the government. But only a few are called revolutions, because they succeeded in overthrowing their government. In this paper, I will examine the 5 revolutions that we have studied thus far: American, French, Haitian, Mexican, and Russian revolutions, and whether they fundamentally changed their respective societies. The revolutionaries promised change that would benefit the people, but when one looks closelyRead MoreEssay on The United States and World War I1683 Words   |  7 PagesI. With the assassination sparking the start of World War I, the U.S. didn’t enter the war right away. In fact, the U.S. waited about 3 years to enter the war. They wanted to stay neutral and thought that the war was none of their concern. Shor tly after the start of the war, Woodrow Wilson declared a policy of neutrality. They wouldn’t be involved on any side in the war, but would offer loans, trades, and sell weapons to both sides. The U.S. stayed neutral up until 1917. They entered the war for manyRead MoreEssay about Napoleon Bonaparte: A Not Ordinary Man1139 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the bloodiest revolutions in the history, the French Revolution, had end. This revolution had a significant impact to the French society, but it left several horrific and bad effects to the French people, especially for those who were guillotined. Despite of these impacts, there was a man who put the French society to a new beginning. Napoleon Bonaparte, a French military and political leader, gained popularity because he was no ordinary man. His intelligence in his childhood, his heroismRead MoreThe Russian Dance And Ballet1655 Words   |  7 Pages The history of Russian dance and ballet is extraordinarily complex. The Russia ns have always enjoyed dance; they were dancing for entertainment and ritual before they were even introduced to Christianity. However, the start of their most culturally significant form of dance, ballet, did not start until 1675 in a small town near Moscow (The Great History 11). Since its humble beginnings, ballet’s evolution in Russia has exploded. Most notably, its growth can be seen through two world famous theaters:Read MoreNapoleon Bonaparte/ Napoleon I, is considered one of the greatest military leaders in history. He1300 Words   |  6 Pagesexiled because his troops had been overpowered by Russians. Napoleon I conquered much of Europe, and continued being a leader after being exiled. Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, France. He was the fourth child of 11. A child of Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Romolino. His father was known for his Corsican nobility. After the annexation of Corsica by France in 1769, Carlo received the same rights and privileges as the French nobility. In January 1779 a young Napoleon leftRead MoreThe Rise Of The 19th Century951 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The 19th century had also witnessed a succession of military revolutions. At sea, steel had superseded wooden hulls and steam had superseded sail. HMS Dreadnought, launched by Britain in 1906 with turbine engines and 10 12-inch guns, made all existing battleships obsolete. â€Å" The military revolutions prior to the first world war came at a high cost, and to build these ships, artillery and weaponry, which would improve the employment and government spending in the economy. This increase in government

Intra Group and Intergroup Processes - 2069 Words

The Application of Intergroup Relations to the Case of Ritual Fight Involving New British Marine Recruits Teams and work groups function in organizational and interdependent relationship settings. These organizational groups are interdependent as they function to fulfil the goals of the whole organization. Groups rely on each other to gain valuable information necessary for their operation. In business, the marketing department may depend on the production to reach out for more market, whereas the production department may depend on the marketing to moderate in production. Intra group relationships take on similar processes, but apply within the group. Group members form bonds for interdependent reliance individual. Group favoritism is†¦show more content†¦The definition takes into account cases involving two people interacting, and not necessarily many people in a situation. The premise of concern in this case is that the two portray action in line with their group. We often bring together various intergroup relations features like group favoritism, prejudice, identification, and out group derogation. These are actually different empirically, and their associated theoretical traditions are different. Brown (1998) identifies three types of in group favoritism. The first type is the ‘we are good’ perception where the in group is valued highly while the out-group is neutrally regarded. The second type is a form of intergroup differentiation where there is an in-group enhancement and at the same time some mild out group derogation. In the third type there is some in-group preference that is not well pronounced, but clearly evident out-group derogation. Members view other groups as ‘bad’, but do not necessarily perceive themselves as ‘good’ (Brown, 1998). Situations of favoritism could be an impediment to intergroup relations because they could highly cause intergroup conflict. This could further affect the functions of an organization negatively in two ways. First, groups may be drawn into intergroup competition to such an extent that conflict solutions, whichShow MoreRelatedSocial Psychology -Inter/Intra Group Dynamics1051 Words   |  5 Pagesand show how it relates to current literature and research on inter-and/or intra-group dynamics Intergroup conflict One determinant of intergroup conflict is the desire on the part of group member to gain positive outcomes for themselves and for their group Competition can increase intergroup conflict Intergroup conflict exaggerated * results of in-group favourtism * favour own group over others intergroup conflict (created in summer camp) frequently begins with some form of realisticRead MoreTajfel And Turner Social Identity Theory1462 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding of intergroup relations. The emphasis the complex â€Å"interweaving of an individual or interpersonal behavior with contextual social processes of intergroup conflict† (p.276). Social identity theory, thus emphasizes intergroup relations (the relationship an individual has with his group and between an outgroup) and categorical distinction (what sets an individual apart from another outgroup). Korostelina describes this as â€Å"the processes of identification with other group members† (p.23)Read MoreSocial Psychology And Its Impact On Individual Behavior1262 Words   |  6 Pagesconsiderations. Central themes Three central themes are apparent in social psychology research. These themes are group influence, subjectism, and non-obvious experimental demonstrations. Studies of power of group on individual behavior dominated in the early days of social psychology research. Researchers recognized that both explicit and implicit group norms are important. Moreover, reference groups serve as a source of norms and are closely associated with a degree of satisfaction with individual lifeRead MoreIndividual Reflection Paper on Your 5020 Group Experience4784 Words   |  20 PagesIndividual Reflection Paper on Your 5020 Group Experience Introduction This reflection paper is a compilation of what Group or Team C, experience during the execution of the Group Project Paper on Goal Setting in Organizations within Burger King Corporation. The paper covers important topics such as how the group was formed, leadership, the evolution of the group/team over the term, group/team dynamics, group structure, team communication and Intergroup/intra-group conflict. This paper connects theRead MoreBusiness Functions And Functions Of An Organization Essay936 Words   |  4 Pages2) Organisation of the three-dimensional matrix Business functions (dark grey lines) It refers to the outward directed activity systems of an organisation as business functions. In the management literature they are often referred to as business processes or throughput functions. The business functions are concerned with the provision of goods and services to the external customers of the organisation. They express the main purpose of the organisation, why the business exists. Some organisations haveRead MoreSocial Psychology And Social Justice1322 Words   |  6 Pagesare related social equality are continuing to be relevant today. A challenging aspect of this topic is a lack of consensus among scholars with regards to its definition. Moreover, understandings of social justice require integration of individual, group, and system level insights. Holding a balance between subjective and objective experiences with respect to what construed as just is essential. Understandings gained from research would assist researchers to identify obstacles to fair community includ ingRead MoreHow Delegation Is Important For The Development And Efficiency Of An Organization Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pagesmotivates worker and enables the proper utilisation of resources. It will provide workers motivation and inspiration to stay with in a group. Team participation can be implemented by conducting meeting, workshops, memos and suggestions. In order to attain maximum team participation ,there should be clear idea about the goal to achieved. Make everyone in the group a leader, which means valuing every ones thoughts. http://www.ittoolkit.com/how-to-it/projects/team-participation.html 4) Modern conceptRead MoreCritically Evaluate the Cognitive Theory of Stereotyping.3286 Words   |  14 Pagestowards members of a group on account of their membership to that group. This definition implies that stereotyping is primarily a group process, through the individuals psyches within that group. A further idea of stereotyping, defined by Allport (1954) as thinking ill of others without warrant, is that people make their mind up without any personal experience. This pre judgement about a whole group is then transferred to the stigmatisation of any individuals in that group. It is these ideasRead MoreWhy Are Identities Relevant?4487 Words   |  18 PagesThey want to define and establish the concept of the â€Å"People of Europe (Council 1987, 22).† This has been a task that many political systems have tried to accomplish through history. A common way of creating identities is through social or cultural processes. Some nations created folkloric tales about their creat ion, others created a national anthem, and others enforced a national identity through their education. I define identity as the feeling of belonging to a community based on shared experiencesRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace5680 Words   |  23 Pagesresources to a variety of other diversity-related initiatives, including dedicated diversity management staffs and workplace programs and benefits such as flexible work arrangements, domestic partner benefits, corporate-sponsored employee affinity groups, and other programs de- signed to attract and retain a diverse workforce (Corporate Leadership Council, 2003). Demographic shifts have occurred due to the guidelines in diversity, but this matter isn’t all about surface level diversity any longer

Cell Phones in the Classroom Keep Them Banned, or...

Cell phones are quickly becoming a child and teenager’s new best friend. In fact, they even seem to be replacing human contact, and are now how both children and teenagers communicate with each other. Cell phone sales have sky rocketed at an alarming rate, and many of the consumers are under the age of 18, meaning they are still in elementary and high school. Society has influenced students to feel that they need to own a cell phone to be â€Å"cool†, thus making the issue of cell phones in the classroom society context vs. students (area 13). Cell phones have now begun to be a large distraction in the classroom, and are the newest item that many schools have had to implement a policy for; many of these policies simply ban the use of cell†¦show more content†¦Keeping this in mind, is it possible that allowing a student to have a cell phone in class, thus alleviating the feeling of anxiousness, could potentially make a student less distracted then by them ac tually using the cell phone? Privacy has always been an issue in classrooms, but now with more and more students having access to a cell phone with a camera built in, these issues are becoming more apparent and with a greater intensity. Cell phones with a camera, also known as a â€Å"camera phone†, provide students with an opportunity to quickly send an incriminating or embarrassing photo to a vast number of people in a short period of time. This is not just a concern for teacher’s privacy, but it is also a concern regarding bullying; students now have access to an entirely new form of bullying by sending pictures or texts to the person that is being bulled. Privacy issues are inevitable, and will always be a problem in a school setting; therefore, privacy cannot be the sole reason to ban cell phones from school. If people were to stop and take into consideration the potentially positive effects of having a cell phone in the classroom, the ban on cell phones may not have been put into effect so quickly. Expanding on the ideas of Vicki Davis, a teacher who blogs regularly, cell phones can be used positively in the classroom. Cell phones can allow students to be more organized; every cell phone has a calendar option in which students would be able to writeShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Cell Phones In The Classroom1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of cell phones in the classroom is an immensely debated topic. Researchers and professors have done research and conducted experiments to decide if having technology in the classroom is beneficial or simply a distraction. Many school’s policies on the use of technology vary depending on the type of education system. The statistics given based on whether cell phone use is permitted at school is oftentimes used to support one side of the argument. People tend to lean towards a specific sideRead MoreTechnology : The Face Of The Universe2504 Words   |  11 Pagesmiddle-class homes are filled wit h computers and mobile devices, schools are grappling with the question of how much technology to bring into the classrooms. Many teachers have given in and allowed their students to listen to music through their earbuds while doing individual classwork. Cellphones are working to become new sources for higher grades in the classroom. Newer functioned apps help to perform greater tasks to search the web at the touch of your finger. Zooming to find answers will steadily improveRead MoreLegal and Ethical Implications for Classroom Management Essay2481 Words   |  10 PagesLegal and Ethical Implications for Classroom Management July 07, 2010 Classroom Management Classroom management is the key to a successful school year for both the teacher and the students. I have read about various methods, techniques, and disciplines useful in establishing a solid foundation for student cooperation and participation. I wholeheartedly understand that I cannot control another person’s thoughts, feelings, and/or actions. However, I do believe I am capable of establishingRead MoreTechnology Is Not A Distraction2395 Words   |  10 Pagesuse technology in the classroom because it improves student’s achievements, keeps student’s involved, and promotes higher thinking. For example, US News journalist Ryan Lytle wrote an article stating an Advanced Placement Calculus teacher named Stacey Roshan, an instructor at Bullis; a private school for students in grades three through twelve in Potomac, Maryland. According to Lytle, the students in her class â€Å"faced the problem of trying to keep her engaged as she walked them through the difficultRead MoreOpening, Lodgment and Retirement Procedures and Performance of Prime Bank Limited14692 Words   |  59 Pagessaving from the general people and channeling those saving for investment and thus economic development and growth. To satisfy the demand as well as to improve the commercial banking service in our country, Prime Bank Limited, a scheduled bank was incorporate to initiate its operation with the aim to play the vital role on the socio economic development of the country. At present Prime Bank Ltd (PBL) is one of the leading private sector banks in our country in terms of quality services to the customersRead MoreNokias Human Resources System144007 Words   |  577 Pagesfacts are forward ­looking statements, including, without limitation, those regarding: †¢ the intention to form a strategic partnership with Microsoft to combine complementary assets and expertise to form a global mobile ecosystem and to adopt Windows Phone as our primary smartphone platform, including the expected plans and benefits of such partnership; †¢ the timing and expected benefits of our new strategy, including expected operational and financial benefits and targets as well as changes in leadershipRead MoreAn Evaluation of an on-Farm Food Safety Program for Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Producers; a Global Blueprint for Fruit and Vegetable Producers51659 Words   |  207 Pageswho have all acted as mentors to me (whether they know it or not). This thesis would n ot have been possible if it wasn t for the support and friendship of Shane Morris, Amber Bailey, Katija Blaine and Justin Kastner. On numerous occasions each of them have challenged me to become a better graduate student, learn as much as I could about my research and produce something that the group would be proud of. As clichà ©d as it may sound, my experiences exploring food safety questions while working at theRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesmarketing strategies (or, in the corporate-level strategy, a supporting acquisition strategy may be used to handle the innovation issue). Make a list of alternative possibilities and use the external and internal analyses that you have conducted to assess them. Choose one set of alternatives. How do these differ from current strategies? Make sure the strategies chosen ï ¬ t in with your earlier analysis. Use all the conclusions in the earlier analysis. For example (and bear in mind that this is simpliï ¬ ed toRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesCalifornia State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wife Hellan whose good advice has improved the book in many ways. vi Table of Contents Preface...........................................................................................Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesprevious editions had been translated into several languages—some without prior knowledge of the authors and publisher. That edition also changed its title to Library and Information Center Management to more accurately reflect a broader focus and to incorporate a deeper discussion on each topical chapter, with new materials, features, topics, examples, and insights. The fifth edition identified trends, updated discussion of research and theories, and was greatly expanded to include many more examples of

BD Case Analysis free essay sample

The Black Decker Corporation has three major segments which are Professional-Industrial tools, Professional-Tradesmen tools and Consumer tools. It is making good profit in Professional-Industrial and Consumer segments but has only 9% share in Professional-Tradesmen, compared to 50% share of Makita (Table A). One of the reasons of this difference is that due to the popularity of Black Decker in the Consumer segment, tradesmen view Black Decker’s products as for use at home rather than professional, according to the brand perception statistics of Professional-Tradesmen segment buyers(Figure C). The other possible reason is that Black Decker has black/charcoal grey for all their products, compared to Makita that differentiates their professional product line with teal color versus consumer’s black/charcoal grey (Figure D). Thus, when tradesmen look at the Black Decker’s Professional-Industrial product line they assume that those are Comsumer segment tools and don’t even consider them as appropriate tools for use in business, even though, according to the professional power tool product assessment results (Figure E), most of Black Decker’s products are ranked either leading or competitive. We will write a custom essay sample on BD Case Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Describe buyer behavior of tradesmen Tradesmen always want to look professional in their jobs. They will care so much about products that they use because those tools may lead to define tradesmen’s skills and how professional they are. However, most of tradesmen think that Black Decker products are made for households. The strong Black Decker’s consumer tool products image is deeply embedded in customers’ minds. Thus, tradesmen who are willing to be seen professional try to avoid purchasing Black Decker’s products. 3. Analyze the competitive situation (strength and weakness of Black Decker, Makita and Milwakee) Black Decker The main strengths of Black Decker are: since Black Decker was the first one to receive the patent, it has a benefit of being a first mover in the market of power tools; highly stretched product line and expanded product mix width and depth (which allows the company to cover all types of customers); high product quality per product research data; great distribution system through well-known companes such as W. W. Grainger, Walmart, and K-Mart. It has 45% of market share in the Consumer market and 20% of the Professional-Industrial market. High market share in these two segments gives a significant amount of funds that can help developing the Professional-Tradesmen segment. In addition, according to Table B, Black Decker has the highest brand awareness. The main weakness of Black Decker is that, even though it has high quality, it is not perceived as it is in the Professional-Tradesmen sector. This makes customers look for alternative brands when purchasing Professional-Tradesmen products. One of the reasons of low brand percption is due to using similar color for products in all segments. This gives customers the impression that Professional-Tradesmen products have the similar quality that Consumer products do. Makita The main strength of Makita is that it has a strong brand perception of Professional-Tradesmen segment and holds approximately 50% of Professional-Tradesmen segment share. This strong perception leads to other beneficial effects. Since general workers in residential construction invest $3,000 in 10 or so â€Å"tools of the trade† and spend $1,000 a year on average for replacement, it can have a stable profit through sales of Professional-Tradesmen products. Another distinctive strength can be that Makita uses unique color which is teal. Since it is easily distinguishable among other products and has high brand perception, many customers would easily select Makita’s product. Makita can also construct a unique brand image color in the mind of customers. However, the main weakness is that it actually does not have strong competitive advantage in product quality. It would be hard to maintain strong perception if customers become aware that the product quality does not exceed competitors’. According to figure E, Black Decker actually has more advantage regarding product quality which is a huge threat to Makita. In addition, retailers are not positive toward Makita which can give damage to market share of Makita. Milwaukee The main strength of Milwaukee is that it has high customer loyalty. Table C and D show that Milwakee is regarded one of the best products and high preference rate. This infers that it has more loyal customers compared to other brands. The main weakness is that high brand perception does not lead to purchasing of their products. According to Figure C, Milwaukee has highest brand perception with Makita. However, Table A shows that Milwaukee’s market of tradesmen segment is much lower than Makita. 4. Choose the action plan on page 10 Option 3 drop the Black Decker name from the Professional Tradesmen segment is the best choice among the three options. Although the Black Decker brand name has positive reputation among consumers, it has a negative brand image among tradesmen. Bad reputation of Black Decker spreads quickly between tradesmen as they would discuss over work sites. Even though the portion of Professional-Tradesmen segment in the Black Decker’s total revenue is small, there is still a possiblilty of its success in the section because it has a relatively high growth rate of about 9%, comparing to Professional-Industry segment’s stagnant growth and Consumer segment’s 7% growth rate. The first and second option are not that optimal as the third option. If Black Decker chooses the first option, it might result in giving up possible future profit. The second option uses sub brand name while also exposing Black Decker Brand name to consumers. However, it might be difficult to conduct this option to consumers who have negative image toward Black Decker brand name, especially the tradesmen, because Black Decker`s negative image will also affect the image of sub brands. On the other hand, there is one proven possibility of option number 3. The Black Decker succeeds in having higher favorability rate at the survey by using the brand name Dewalt which Black Decker bought in 1960. If Black Decker conceals its brand name and use that brand name, it can avoid negative effect from unfavorable image and get profit from the Professional-Tradesmen segment. Statistic also shows that DeWalt had acheived an â€Å"Is One of the Best† agreement percent of 63% from tradesmen, comparing to BD’s 44%. Further research also proves that 51% of tradesmen would have purchase interest in the DeWalt brand. On top of the positive image that DeWalt has among tradesmen, the numbers also shows the there is high interest in the brand. The above concludes that the Black Decker is better to drop its name from the Professtional-Tradesmen segment and use the brand name DeWalt, proposing that there is a high possibility of the success of DeWalt.

Expenditures and revenues summary free essay sample

Lynch and Smith, 2004 state that, â€Å"A â€Å"budget† is a plan for the accomplishment of programs related to objectives and goals within a definite time period, including an estimate of resources required, together with an estimate of the resources available, usually compared with one or more past periods and showing future requirements. † State and local government is truly â€Å"big business. † Allison, Freeman, Patton, Shoulders, and Smith, Jr. , 2011 state that, â€Å"The 50 states and 87,000 local governments within the United States employ more than 17 million persons-almost six times the federal government civilian employment—and spend more than trillion annually. Although the federal government accounts for over half of all government expenditures, state and local government spend more for nondefense purposes than does the federal government. † Revenues and Expenditures Business dictionary 2013, defines revenue as the income generated from sale of goods or services, or any other use of capital or assets, associated with the main operations of an organization before any costs or expenses are deducted. We will write a custom essay sample on Expenditures and revenues summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Revenue is shown usually as the top item in an income (profit and loss) statement from which all charges, costs, and expenses are subtracted to arrive at net income. Expenditures—recognized in governmental fund financial statements—are net financial assets expended during a period for current operations, capital outlay, long-term debt principal retirement, and interest. With the exception of long-term debt principal retirement, expenditures typically reflect the net financial assets expended to acquire goods or services, whereas expenses reflect the costs of goods or services used (Allison, Freeman, Patton, Shoulders, Smith, Jr. , 2011, p. 41). The role of the federal government is to monitor/regulate the economy through interest rates, to control inflation, and to boost economy during stagnation. Federal government is in charge of national defense and it can legally print money (Public Budgeting and Financial Management, 2013). Three main sources of federal revenue include individual income taxes, payroll taxes, and corporate income taxes. Almost half of all federal revenue (46 percent) comes from income taxes. The income tax is generally progressive: higher-income households pay a larger share than lower-income households do (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2013). Another 35 percent of revenue comes from payroll taxes, which are assessed on the wage or salary paychecks of almost all workers and used to fund Social Security, Medicare, Hospital Insurance, and unemployment insurance. Corporate income taxes make up about ten percent (10%) of federal revenue, with the remaining nine percent (9%) coming from excise taxes, estate taxes, and other taxes (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2013). The sources of Federal revenue come from the General Fund. The General Fund is used â€Å"to account for and report all financial resources not accounted for and reported in another fund. All governments with general government activities will have one General Fund. For most governments, the majority of their general government activities and the largest number and dollar amount of their transactions are reported in the General Fund (Allison, Freeman, Patton, Shoulders, Smith, Jr. , 2011, p. 46). The role of the state government is to promote the state economy and to take operational control over most government programs for individuals, such as social programs and risk management (Public Budgeting and Financial Management, 2013). Three sources of state revenue include: selective sales tax (gasoline, tobacco, and alcohol), general sales tax, and lottery. Many state governments charge a sales tax on gasoline that only can be used by the state to construct or maintain roads. The proceeds from this sales tax are recorded as revenues (increasing fund balance) in a Special Revenue Fund (Allison, Freeman, Patton, Shoulders, Smith, Jr. , 2011, p. 47). Sales tax is imposed on the sale of goods and certain services in South Carolina. The statewide sales and use tax rate is six percent (6%). Counties may impose an additional one percent (1%) local sales tax. Voters in Hampton County approved the one percent (1%) local sales tax which caused the taxes to increase to seven percent (7%). Generally all retail sales are subject to the sales tax (South Carolina Department of Revenue, 2013). The proceeds from the general sales tax are recorded in the General Fund. In November 2000, South Carolina voters approved a state lottery. Lottery proceeds are transferred to the Education Lottery Account. Revenues are used to supplement existing resources for educational purposes and programs. The role of the local government is to look after parts of the local community that are public property such as local roads and parks. They decide where new local and buildings should go and all decisions have to be approved by the council (Public Budgeting and Financial Management, 2013). Three sources of revenue for local government include: property taxes, local taxes, and intergovernmental transfers. Property taxes are used to fund important programs such as public schools and infrastructure. It remains a major cost for homeowners and they vary widely from one municipality to another. Property taxes are tracked in the county’s General Fund. Local taxes are assessed and levied by a local authority such as a county or municipality used to fund services such as garbage collection and sewer maintenance. Benefits from local taxes are apparent at the community level (Public Budgeting and Financial Management, 2013). Local taxes are generated from the county’s Municipal Fund. Intergovernmental transfers are transfers of funds from one level of government to another. This may be to fund general government operations or for specific purposes (National League of Cities, 2013). They are tracked in the General Fund as well as other funds depending on level of government they are transferred from. Conclusion Government financial reporting must address numerous issues that differ from those in the business environment. South Carolina relies on the two major broad-based taxes for the bulk of state revenue, the individual income tax and the retail sales tax. Changes in the economy can have an effect on tax revenue and expenditures within the state’s public budget.

Versions of Libertarianism

Versions of Libertarianism Introduction The doctrine of libertarianism entails that people have inherent or natural rights. These rights should not be taken away (Shaw and Vincent 15). It is an immoral act for anyone or for the governments to deny people their rights.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Versions of Libertarianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Examples of these natural rights include the right to own property, the right to personal autonomy and the right to use unused resources. According to this school of thought, the society can cooperate and coexist well when people respect their natural rights. The paper delineates the two versions of libertarianism namely total libertarianism and moderate libertarianism. Total libertarianism According to this version of libertarianism, people are protected by the government. The government has the obligation of ensuring that all the rights of people are protected. The government needs to fo rmulate rules that ensure individuals are well protected. Therefore, the citizens should be protected from activities like breach of contracts, fraud, theft and any subjection of force. Moderate libertarianism This version of libertarianism ensures that the government protects free and fair competition in the markets. People should be allowed to carry on with their businesses and other activities without restriction provided they are not violating the rights of others. For instance, there should be no monopolies, oligopolies and integrations in the market. The market should be free to allow people make progress in their duties without restrictions.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strengths of total libertarianism One of the strengths of total libertarianism is that it ensures that people are protected from mistreatment. People have equal rights and nobody should violate the m. Further, it ensures that people coexist well in a society. It fosters transparency and honesty in the society as people respect each other’s rights. For instance, no person should steal someone’s property as this would amount to violation of natural rights. Weaknesses One weakness is that it is difficult for human beings to govern themselves. Therefore, a government should be formed to ensure that these rights are practiced. Further, the government, which is bestowed the responsibility of ensuring the protection, may not have the right mechanism or may be biased in its decisions, hence can have negative impact on the process. Strength of the moderate libertarianism This ensures that people cooperate and coexist with one another without restrictions or limitations. It enhances unity in the society. Moreover, it promotes the spirit of togetherness and discipline in a society as people make decisions at free will. Weaknesses libertarianism This form of government poses a risk of exploitation, especially in situations when it does not participate in decision-making. For instance, it leads to monopolies that may exploit innocent people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Versions of Libertarianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People may take the law in their hands and cause harm to others due to the absence of a body like the government to monitor their moves. Of these two free market philosophies, total libertarianism makes more sense. It ensures that the rights of an individual are fully protected. No person is supposed to be deprived of such rights. Therefore, this allows people in a society to respect and coexist with one another well. This philosophy best addresses the current unequal distribution of wealth. The society is required to use what they have and assist one another. It is the right of every individual to own property and use available resources to uplift his/her li fe. Therefore, total libertarianism gives an equal opportunity for every member of the society to use resources to amass wealth. There is no restriction, hence it can help to alleviate unequal wealth distribution facing the world today. Shaw, William, and Vincent Barry. Moral Issues in Business. 12th ed. Paperback, 2012. Print.

Framing Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Framing Theory - Research Paper Example The field of economics also widely applies the theory of framing. In general, framing can apply to any situation given that it involves the perception of a theory as portrayed by a given individual or group of individual (Laurah, 2012). The theory of framing has several sub-theories that clarify the variances present in its application. First of all, it has considerations in one of two ways. It is either considered as frames in thought or frames in communication. Its consideration as frames in thought consists of certain mental simplifications of reality, representations, and interpretations. On the other hand, when considered as frames in communication, framing consists of the communication frames between different actors. Another sub-theory of this concept is its view either as being negative or positive. In this view, the positivity or negativity depends more or less on the constituents of a given audience and the kind of information being passed to this audience (Judith, 2010). A further division of framing is it being viewed either as equivalence frames or emphasis frames. As equivalence frames, framing represents the logical equivalent alternatives that are portrayed in different ways. In this view, the information in the presentation is often based on the same fundamentals (Shanto, 1994). The frame, though, that is presented shifts with the result that a perception that is dependent on the reference is created. On the other hand, having emphasis frames simplify reality with a focus on a given subset of the aspect relevant to the prevailing situation. These theories and sub-theories have daily applications whereby the same basis of facts is often used to portray different perspectives of a given phenomenon. For example, one may be quoted and their information interpreted in very many different ways thus yielding different frames to different people. Beside the information being received by the audience, members of the audience also receive the

Criminal Justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Criminal Justice - Assignment Example Another principle is that of unanimous consensus, which relates to the event that jurists come to terms with the rulings make public by a judge. For this case, they all consider the ruling as fair and one that bases on their constitution. Such a principle is called Ijima in the Arabic language and faces heated debate from contemporary scholars. Another principle is that of analogy, which means using reasoning and logic in relation to an established law, but in response to a new situation. An example of such is the fact that the law prohibits Muslims from drinking alcohol, which may apply to other forms of alcoholic drinks such as wine and whiskey. The same law also applies urf, which means customs, for which the jurists attach value to the preservation of customs known to the majority of the people. The jurists will, therefore, make their rulings basing on methods that will exalt the traditions of the religion as well as the cultures of the people. The rulings made also depend on the principle of individual reasoning, which gives the judges a chance of making decisions out of their reasoning. The chapter discusses the international criminal court that has its headquarters in The Hague. The court is a formulation of the Rome statute and deals with cases of crimes committed against humanity. The court is one of the few existent institutions that ensure that there is an observation of human rights by laying pressure on the leaders around the world to observe the respect for many. For instance, the court’s foundation was one of the efforts that the world made towards ending of the Second World War as well as the activities of mass killing of people. (Schmalleger 34). The development of cybercrime is one of the advancements in technology that have made crime a modernized activity. For instance, there are many types of such crimes, which range from fraud to terrorism and other types of criminal activities.  

Beneath - Original writing Essay Example for Free

Beneath Original writing Essay Psychoanalysis begins. Monday morning, it was a big rush. I had to pack the kids lunches and watch after them as they left for school. It was Kellys first day at junior school, and Michelles at secondary school. I dont know why, but as I shut the front door I had flash backs of my first day at secondary school. I got worried. Michelle is a lot like me when I was her age. To my children, I am a normal nice mother, ordinary like everyone elses mother. That is how they see me. They know nothing about my past It was an excruciatingly hot and sunny day July 30th 1993. I dreaded the moment the sunrise began. I felt a huge lump at the back of my throat, my head was pounding, and droplets of cold sweat trickled down my forehead. I used to be a normal, quiet, and well behaved person but, all that changed when I met Camryn Barnes. After the first three times, I promised myself I would never do it again. Yet here I was with the hammer in my hand smashing the new lock on the school gate. It fell to the ground making a loud sudden noise, which made me jump even though it was expected. I ran towards the school building, but the school doors were all locked up. After approximately an hour of struggling through one of the technology department windows, I managed to squeeze in. I ran to Dr Daniels office, pushing the door open. There, looking up at me with his beady black eyes was Cuddles Dr Daniels hamster. I had my equipment ready and then I opened the cage door picking up the small rodent with my trembling hands. I whispered to him in the darkness, Dont worry, itll only take a second. I reached into the back of my threadbare jeans pockets and pulled out the razor sharp penknife. Tears poured down my face. One, Two, Three. I did it. My hand was drenched in fresh, warm blood. I dropped Cuddles on the floor and retreated back to the technology department. I can still remember the cold beady eyed stare Cuddles had given me as I pulled the pocket knife out of him. I recollect a similar expression from the past victims. I got back to Camryn a lot quicker this time. Camryn was pacing outside and when she saw me she signalled to me to hurry up. I half jogged and half ran. When I reached her, she caught hold of my wrist and pulled me along with her. I glanced at her beautiful tanned face and saw the contented smile displayed along her lips. I could almost hear her heartbeat, and taste her idea of sweet satisfaction. When we reached her house, she dragged me to her bedroom then leapt onto her red crumpled bed and kicked off her scuffed trainers. Did you do it? Did you top the pint sized rat? she asked with enthusiasm. There was a malicious gleam in her green eyes. I nodded staring at my sweaty bloodstained hands. There was a huge lump in the back of my throat, my stomach churned. I couldnt take it any more, You said wed never do it again! Wasnt killing Jackies budgie, Peters cat and Ellies turtle enough? Why Dr Daniels hamster? Why? Camryn stood up with a frown creasing up near her finely plucked eyebrows. Whats wrong with you? Dr Daniels failed me in English! I worked so hard for him! He got what he deserved! A sudden anger flushed through my body, Like the others got what they deserved?! Looking at Camryn, and seeing her satisfied realization from her manipulation, I had to leave. I walked home, showered and then lay in bed. I remember glancing at my digital clock it read 6:16am. I tried so hard, but failed to fall asleep. It was only a few hours, but seemed like days passing by. Eventually my mother came into my room to see why I was not ready for school. I dont feel well, I murmured. Mother carelessly shook her head and left me alone. A month ago I used to be really close to my mother, but now I just seem to want to push her away and out of my life. It was almost as if I surrendered everything I loved for Camryn. My mother, my old friends and, my self respect. Eventually I fell asleep. Beneath my closed eyes, my thoughts swivelled in front of my eyes. All I saw was beautiful, cold water, ripples glistening. That was where I wanted to be. I woke up and changed into my favourite clothes. I knew what I was doing. I felt dizzy but ignored the queasy feeling. I sat on the floor and scribbled a note for my mother. I used to write little poems to my mother ages ago. I knew that was what I had to do now. I still remember what I wrote in the poem, word for word. June year 1993, on the 25th day, The day I changed, stopped to pray, I made promises, made to break, But itll be over, whilst I lie in this lake, I feel like Im, spiralling into a deep dark hole, Hopefully this depth, can contain my soul, What Im trying to say, dear mother, Im Sorry, For pretending to be so upbeat and jolly, Sorry mum, I didnt mean to, Ill be thinking of you through and through.

How Music Works Essay -- Music Musical Essays

How Music Works The way in which music affects the human organism is complex. Attempts to explain the relationship between the organized sound which we call music and our responses to it fall into two broad classes, heteronomist theories and autonomist theories, although the boundaries between the two may be by no means watertight. That music causes a response in humans is undeniable, but does it do so by some form of direct appeal to our inner selves, our emotional sides, as the proponents of heteronomist theories argue, or, does it do so, as the autonomist argues, by virtue of some intrinsic property that it has within itself that is peculiar to music? Music cannot convey meaning or express emotion in the way that language conveys meaning or expresses emotion. Language employs signs which, to use Saussure's terms, are arbitrary and differential, but signs which nevertheless enable us to identify their referent. Music, like language, consists of organized sounds, but unlike language, those sounds have no referent. Eduard Hanslick wrote The Beautiful in Music in 1854 and any explanation and evaluation of his claim that 'the essence of music is sound and motion' must have regard to historical context in determining the author's meaning. For Hanslick 'music' meant principally the instrumental and orchestral works of the 18th Century and first half of the 19th Century, the period we might loosely call 'classical'- music whose 'primordial element' was 'euphony' (The beautiful in music, TAB, p.421). Hanslick's views cannot easily be extrapolated to the late 2Oth Century where even a period of silence (4'33" by John Cage) can claim to be 'music'1, a 'composition' which underlined, albeit provocatively, that silence, as well as s... ...cohol and grape juice and its mysteries are not revealed by distillation. The essence of music, certainly of great music, is more than its ingredients, it requires the passion of the soul and the logic of the intellect - a combination of nature's gifts and skilled human endeavour, an endeavour both of composer and of performer. BIBLIOGRAPHY Footnotes and other reference material 1. John Cage 4' 33'' (Probably his most provocative piece is 4' 33'' in which the performer, seated in front of the piano, plays nothing for 4 minutes and 33 seconds) Groliers. 2. Tess Knighton, Decca Notes 1989 to Ashkenazy & Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. The Oxford Companion to the Mind. OUP 1987. The Oxford Companion to music OUP 1980 reprint. Groliers Academic American Encyclopedia. Blackwell Companion to the Enlightenment. Yolton, Blackwell 1991.

The Joy Luck Club

joyHigh-context Cultures and Low-context Cultures The Joy Luck Club  explores the clash between Chinese culture and American culture. One way of understanding the difference is to look at communication in these cultures. Chinese culture can be classified as a high-context culture and American culture as a low-context culture. First I will define these terms, then explain the significance of these two categories, and finally apply them to The Joy Luck Club. * Culture  is the way of living which a group of people has developed and transmitsfrom one generation to the next.It includes concepts, skills, habits of thinking and acting, arts, institutions, ways of relating to the world, and agreement on what is significant and necessary to know. Race, ethnicity, class, and gender are cultural creations; they derive their meanings from the culture. * Context  is the whole situation, background, or environment connected to an event, a situation, or an individual. * A  high-context cult ure  is a culture in which the individual has internalized meaning and information, so that little is explicitly stated in written or spoken messages.In conversation, the listener knows what is meant; because the speaker and listener share the same knowledge and assumptions, the listener can piece together the speaker's meaning. China is a high-context culture. * A  low-context culture  is one in which information and meanings are explicitly stated in the message or communication. Individuals in a low-context culture expect explanations when statements or situations are unclear, as they often are. Information and meaning are not internalized by the individual but are derived from context, e. . , from the situation or an event. The United States is a low-context culture. High-context Cultures In a high-context culture, the individual acquires cultural information and meaning from obedience to authority, through observation and by imitation. To acquire knowledge in this way and to internalize it, children must be carefully trained. High-context cultures are highly stable and slow to change, for they are rooted in the past; one example is the Chinese practice of ancestor worship. They are also unified and cohesive cultures.In such cultures, the individual must know what is meant at the covert or unexpressed level; the individual is supposed to know and to react appropriately. Others are expected to understand without explanation or specific details. Explanations are insulting, as if the speaker regards the listener as not knowledgeable or socialized enough to understand. To members of a low-context culture, speakers in a high-context culture seem to talk around a subject and never to get to the point. The bonds among people are very strong in a high-context culture.People in authority are personally and literally responsible for the actions of subordinates, whether in government, in business, or in the family. (In the U. S. , on the other hand, the general practice is to find a â€Å"fall guy† or scapegoat who takes the blame for those with more power and status. ) In a high-context culture, the forms (conventional ways of behaving) are important; the individual who does not observe the forms is perceived negatively; the negative judgments for an individual's bad behavior may extend to the entire family.In embarrassing or awkward situations, people act as though nothing happened. Individuality, minor disagreements, and personality clashes are ignored, so that no action has to be taken. Taking action tends to be taken seriously, because once started an action must generally be completed. Individuals can't stop an action because they change their minds, because they develop another interest, because unforeseen consequences arise, or because something better comes along.Consequently there is greater caution or even reluctance to initiate an undertaking or to give a promise. Chinese parents may overlook a child's behavior, because they expect that the strong family tradition, which is based on ancestors, will cause the child ultimately to behave properly. The Clash of Low-context and High-context Cultures in  The Joy Luck Club In a low-context culture, as Edward T. Hall explains, â€Å"Most of the information must be in the transmitted message in order to make up for what is missing in the context (both internal and external). In a low-context culture change is rapid and easy; bonds between people are looser; action is undertaken easily and can be changed or stopped once initiated. The mothers in  The Joy Luck Club  expect their daughters to obey their elders and so learn by obedience, by observation and by imitation, as they did in China. Their elders did not explain. Because the mothers internalized values and knowledge, they seem to assume that knowledge is innate and that it is present in their daughters and only has to be brought out or activated.The internalization is so psychologically complete and so much a part of the mothers' identities that they speak of it as physical. Am-mei, for instance, sees in her mother â€Å"my own true nature. What was beneath my skin. Inside my bones† (p. 40); to her, connection to her mother or filial respect is â€Å"so deep it is in your bones† (p. 41). But in this country, the mothers' warnings, instructions, and example are not supported by the context of American culture, and so their daughters do not understand. They resent and misinterpret their mothers' alien Chinese ways and beliefs.Similarly, the mothers do not understand why they do not have the kind of relationships with their daughters that they had with their mothers in China. The Joy Luck mothers were so close to their own mothers that they saw themselves as continuations of their mothers, like stairs. The communication problems that arise when one speaker is from a high-context culture and the other is from a low-context culture can be seen in the conversations of June and Suyuen, â€Å"My mother and I never really understood one another.We translated each other's meanings and I seemed to hear less than what was said, while my mother heard more† (p. 27). June looks for meaning in what is stated and does not understand that her mother omits important information because she assumes her daughter knows it and can infer it; her mother, on the other hand, looks for meaning in what has not been stated and so adds to what has been stated explicitly and comes up with meanings that surprise her daughter.The difficulties of growing up in a family from a high-context culture and living in a low-context culture appear in other Asian-American writers. The narrator of Maxine Hong Kingston's  The Woman Warrior  is unable to decide whether figures she sees are real persons or ghosts, whether stories she is told are true or fiction, what the meaning of those stories is, why she is told the stories, and whether an event really happens or is imagi ned. The Talk Story One way of maintaining and instructing children in traditional ways which Chinese immigrants adopted is the traditional Chinese talk story.According to Linda Ching Sledge, the talk story â€Å"served to redefine an embattled immigrant culture by providing its members immediate, ceremonial access to ancient lore†; it also â€Å"retained the structure of Chinese oral wisdom (parables, proverbs, formulaic description, heroic biography, casuistical dialogue). † In the talk-story the narrator expects the listener to grasp the point, which is often not stated (unlike the Western  Aesop's Fables). Tan adopts the Chinese talk story in the mothers' warning stories to their daughters.The talk story serves another function in this novel; E. D. Huntley explains, Talk story enables women who have been socialized into silence for most of their lives–the  Joy Luck  mothers, for instance–to reconfigure the events of those lives into acceptable p ublic utterances: painful experiences are recast in the language of folk tale; cautionary reminders become gnomic phrases; real life takes on the contours of myth. More significantly, the act of performing talk story allows the storyteller to retain a comfortable distance between herself and her audience.Thus, the storyteller manages in some fashion to maintain the silence to which she is accustomed, as well as to speak out and share with others the important stories that have shaped her into the person that she is. An issue for both mothers and daughters is finding a voice, that is, finding a way to express the essential self. Themes in  The Joy Luck Club Identity. The stories tell of events which shape the identities of the mothers and daughters and give direction to their lives.Though David Denby is speaking of the movie, his description applies equally well to the novel, â€Å"each story centers on a moment of creation or self-destruction in a woman's life, the moment when he r identity becomes fixed forever. † The mothers do not question their identities, having come from a stable culture into which their families were integrated. Their daughters, however, are confused about their identities. Communication between American daughters and Chinese mothers.The mothers see their duty as encouraging and, if necessary, pushing their daughters to succeed; therefore, they feel they have a right to share in their success (the Chinese view). The daughters see the mothers as trying to live through them and thereby preventing them from developing as separate individuals and from leading independent lives (the American view). The link of the Chinese mothers and Chinese daughters. The Chinese mothers form a continuity with their mothers in China, a connection which they want to establish with their American daughters.Love, loss, and redemption. Throughout there exists what David Gates calls a â€Å"ferocious love between mother and daughter† both in China and in this country. But the women also suffer loss, which ranges from separation to abandonment to rejection, in the mother-daughter relationship and in the male-female relationship. Sometimes the loss is overcome and the love re-established. Connection of the past and the present. The mothers' past lives in China affect their daughters' lives in this country, just as the daughters' childhood experiences affect their identities and adult lives.Power of language. Without proficiency in a common language, the Chinese mothers and American daughters cannot communicate. St. Clair cannot communicate with his wife, and so he changes her name and her birth date, taking away her identity as a tiger. Lena St. Clair mistranslates for her father and for her mother. Also, words have great power. Expectation and reality. The mothers have great hopes for their daughters; their expectations for their daughters include not just success but also freedom.They do not want their daughters' lives to be determined by a rigid society and convention, as in an arranged marriage, and made unhappy as theirs were. The American reality fulfilled their expectations in unanticipated and unacceptable ways. Another way of expressing this theme is The American Dream and its fulfillment. Chinese culture versus American culture. This conflict appears throughout the novel, from the struggles of the mothers and daughters to Lena St. Clair's Chinese eyes and American appearance and Lindo Jong's Chinese face and her American face.

Weber State University Admissions ACT, Acceptance Rate